About
physical specifications
physical specifications
Not all methods, equipment and qualifications measure the chemical purity of copper in the same way. This is especially true for purity 5N + and higher according to GOST 859 and ASTM B170. If physical characteristics are required, then it is not always possible to say about them with the necessary accuracy, based only on chemical analysis, especially in cryogenics. Often a direct measurement is required. The quality of our product is confirmed by studies of certain characteristics, independent of the methods of analysis.
We measured the electrical conductivity of our copper samples, reflecting fluctuations in the chemical composition of the quality of the experimental batch. The measurement was carried out using equipment suitable for this task. The result is extremely high.
We measured the electrical conductivity of our copper samples, reflecting fluctuations in the chemical composition of the quality of the experimental batch. The measurement was carried out using equipment suitable for this task. The result is extremely high.
Also at the IAP RAS (Institute of Applied Physics RAS) the reflection loss of our sample was tested at 4-300K. The result is also very high and close to the calculations for "theoretical copper".
ELECTRICAL
CONDUCTIVITY
104 - 105% IACS
CONDUCTIVITY
104 - 105% IACS
Electrical Conductivity Studies
Conductivity measurements were made for a representative sample, annealed condition. When forming the sample, the known different influence of various impurities on the electrical conductivity was taken into account, which was confirmed during the measurement and is a sign of the quality of the sample and measurements. In our case, the sampling was carried out for Fe and Ag, all others were not determined (below detection limits). With LMS, MS and AES methods, always, with some exceptions for Fe and Ag, all impurities are determined by the measurement limits of methods and equipment, including ALL metals and metalloids not included in GOST 859-2001 (measurement limits <0.001 - <0.2 ppm depending on the element and method).
A representative sample was formed on the basis of:
A representative sample was formed on the basis of:
- sufficient quantity and quality of the data array of chemical analyzes reflecting the chemical composition of the experimental product
- small, but all the differences in the crystal structure of ingots
A change in the electrical conductivity was recorded when the Fe content changed by 0.1-0.3 ppm. The influence of Ag in the range of 0.3-3 ppm could not be fixed, which is understandable Ag - the least influencing impurity.
What does this mean?
The existing minimum differences in the crystal structure of the ingots and the Sum of All impurities of the periodic table except Fe (if impurities and have content fluctuations below the detection limits by LMS, MS and AES methods) in total affect the electrical conductivity of less than 0.1-0.3 ppm in Fe equivalent ( one of the most influential).
In other words, our copper is so pure and stable in its purity throughout the periodic table that the electrical conductivity is affected only by the Fe we limit, even very small amounts ... And this is a sign of the highest stability of the technology and the highest quality of the product produced.
REFLECTIVE
ABILITY
ABILITY
Loss studies
reflection
reflection
IAP RAS (Institute of Applied Physics RAS) tested the reflection loss of our sample at 4-300K. The result is very high and close to the calculations for "theoretical copper". The appendix contains some research data on reflection loss (RO) and surface resistance of our copper at some frequencies as a function of temperature. In the original articles, our copper is referred to as high purity copper 0.99999 or extra pure copper 99.999.
It is worth noting that the result depended not only on the quality of our copper, but also on the quality of surface preparation, which is not easy and could worsen the results. The surface is prepared with high quality and the result is very high. Not so often there are materials in terms of physical characteristics that are close enough to the calculated ones
The reflection losses themselves are small in magnitude, but the reflected radiation heats the reflection surface and issues of heat removal and others arise. Reducing the losses provides obvious benefits. Losses depend not only on temperature, but also on the wavelength: with increasing frequency / decreasing wavelength, the ratio of values at room and low temperatures decreases and vice versa. Losses and surface resistance at the indicated frequencies (in cryogenics) for our copper are ~ 30-60% lower (better) than the characteristics of classical high-purity oxygen-free copper.
It is worth noting that the result depended not only on the quality of our copper, but also on the quality of surface preparation, which is not easy and could worsen the results. The surface is prepared with high quality and the result is very high. Not so often there are materials in terms of physical characteristics that are close enough to the calculated ones
The reflection losses themselves are small in magnitude, but the reflected radiation heats the reflection surface and issues of heat removal and others arise. Reducing the losses provides obvious benefits. Losses depend not only on temperature, but also on the wavelength: with increasing frequency / decreasing wavelength, the ratio of values at room and low temperatures decreases and vice versa. Losses and surface resistance at the indicated frequencies (in cryogenics) for our copper are ~ 30-60% lower (better) than the characteristics of classical high-purity oxygen-free copper.
What does this mean?
Other copper applications may require other (other than losses) specifications. The characteristics of RRR and Thermal Conductivity are expected to be at the same high level as the results of the studies on the losses and will be close to the calculated ones. These characteristics are expected to be 5-10 times or more (at appropriate low temperatures) higher than similar characteristics of classical oxygen-free copper grades M00b (RRR ~ 200), C10100 (RRR ~ 200-250), etc
Such high physical characteristics may be of interest for related applications. In some tasks, in the absence of other limiting physical characteristics and suitable technological capabilities, a multiplier effect is possible.
RRR ( R 293K / R T )
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
For classical mass-produced copper, i.e. copper of 99.0-99.99% purity according to generally accepted standards, these characteristics are more or less investigated. For specific grades, taking into account standards, there may be some differences due to specific requirements for the content of certain impurities. If copper is produced by the classical ore-metal method, then other "harmful" impurities outside the generally accepted standards are contained in much smaller quantities and actually do not affect compared to those subject to control, for which the maximum content is determined. When recycling recyclables, additional attention to these points is necessary. The structure of mass-produced copper is usually close.
For purer copper, the data is sketchy, can vary greatly, and there are difficulties in comparison. This is partly due to the fact that even laboratory samples with a purity of 5N and even more so, according to generally accepted standards with a controlled impurity composition and crystal structure, are not easy to produce. Often some general purity is reported, but not a specific chemical composition, or it is simply mentioned that they are measured and refer to the purest and most perfect samples. At low temperatures, the characteristics strongly depend on impurities (their specific content), on the degree of perfection of the crystal and other defects. With this in mind, below we present some data not for engineering calculations, but for a general idea.
The data for Some pure copper 1,2,3 are given from reliable sources (handbooks, research articles), and given the difficulties of measuring such quantities, in general, they can be accepted.
Some pure copper 1 - given for very pure sample, crystal structure unknown.
Some pure copper 2 - in one of the research papers, copper of 99.999% purity was obtained in the form of a single crystal with RRR 273K / 4.2K ~ 2000.
Some pure copper 3 - are given as for the most pure and perfect sample with a residual resistance of 0.589 * 10 (-9) Ohm * cm (ie RRR 293K / 4.2K ~ 3000).
Data on how pure (the exact chemical composition, and not just chemical purity, which is important) and perfect samples (crystal structure), and how the characteristics of Some pure copper 3 are limiting, are not indicated in the sources.
For purer copper, the data is sketchy, can vary greatly, and there are difficulties in comparison. This is partly due to the fact that even laboratory samples with a purity of 5N and even more so, according to generally accepted standards with a controlled impurity composition and crystal structure, are not easy to produce. Often some general purity is reported, but not a specific chemical composition, or it is simply mentioned that they are measured and refer to the purest and most perfect samples. At low temperatures, the characteristics strongly depend on impurities (their specific content), on the degree of perfection of the crystal and other defects. With this in mind, below we present some data not for engineering calculations, but for a general idea.
The data for Some pure copper 1,2,3 are given from reliable sources (handbooks, research articles), and given the difficulties of measuring such quantities, in general, they can be accepted.
Some pure copper 1 - given for very pure sample, crystal structure unknown.
Some pure copper 2 - in one of the research papers, copper of 99.999% purity was obtained in the form of a single crystal with RRR 273K / 4.2K ~ 2000.
Some pure copper 3 - are given as for the most pure and perfect sample with a residual resistance of 0.589 * 10 (-9) Ohm * cm (ie RRR 293K / 4.2K ~ 3000).
Data on how pure (the exact chemical composition, and not just chemical purity, which is important) and perfect samples (crystal structure), and how the characteristics of Some pure copper 3 are limiting, are not indicated in the sources.
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RRR ( R 293K / R T ) and THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY in cryogenics
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Cooper
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Temperature, К
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4
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8
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10
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15
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20
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25
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30
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40
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293
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99,95-7%, 100% IACS
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М0б(RF), С10200 (USA)
Cu-OF/C110 (UK) 2.0040 (Germany) C1020 (Japan) |
RRR xK=R 293K / R K ~
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80-120
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1
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λ, W /m*K ~
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400
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1000
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1300
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1800
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2000
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2000
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1900
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1500
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400
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||||
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λ xK / λ 293K ~
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1
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2,5
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3,3
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4,5
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5
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5
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4,8
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3,8
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1
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||||
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99,99%, 101-102% IACS
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М00б (RF)
С10100 (USA) Cu-OFE/C103 (UK) C1011 (Japan) |
RRR xK=R 293K / R K ~
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200-300
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1
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λ, W /m*K ~
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1200-2000
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2500-4000
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3500-4500
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4500-5000
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4500-5000
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3500-4000
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2600-3100
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1500-1700
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400
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||||
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λ xK / λ 293K ~
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4
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8,1
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9,4
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11,9
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11,9
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9,4
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7,1
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4
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1
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For cryogenics
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CG-OFC
Hitachi Cable Ltd (~99.995-6% ? ) |
RRR xK=R 293K / R K ~
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500
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240-250
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220
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160
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120
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100
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90
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80
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1
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|||
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λ, W /m*K ~
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3000
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5000
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6500
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7700
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7000
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6000
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4000
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2000
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400
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||||
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λ xK / λ 293K ~
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7,5
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12,5
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16,3
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19,3
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17,5
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15
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10
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5
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1
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Some pure copper
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Some Pure Copper 1
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RRR xK=R 293K / R K ~
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---
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1
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λ, W /m*K ~
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7500
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12500
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14000
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12500
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9000
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7000
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5500
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2600
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400
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||||
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λ xK / λ 293K ~
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18,8
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31,3
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35
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31,3
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22,5
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17,8
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13,8
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6,5
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1
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Some Pure Copper 2
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RRR xK=R 293K / R K ~
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2100-2200
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1
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λ, W /m*K ~
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---
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400
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λ xK / λ 293K ~
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---
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1
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Produced copper
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Forecast
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Some Pure Copper 3
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RRR xK=R 293K / R K ~
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2900-3000
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1
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λ, W /m*K ~
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16200
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24000
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10800
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400
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λ xK / λ 293K ~
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40,5
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60
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27
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1
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RRR K=R 293K / R K - относительное остаточное сопротивление при K, отношение сопротивлений при 293К и X К ( RRR4.2K=R293K/R4.2K ), во сколько раз падает сопротивление или растет электропроводность при 4,2К по отношениюк значениям при комнатной температуре
λ, W /m*K - Теплопроводность
λ хK / λ 293K - отношение Теплопроводности при Х К к Теплопроводности при 293К |
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PRODUCED COPPER
RRR and Thermal Conductivity are expected to be ~ 65-95% of the maximum possible for copper (C10100: RRR ~ 200-300 or < 7-10%). The forecasted expectations of 65-95% max copper are justified and well founded. These characteristics of our copper are expected in the range Some pure copper 2 - Some pure copper 3.
From considerations arising from our Technology and some test results of our copper, we are sure that we have already produced a product close to Some pure copper 3. In any case, such results can be obtained.
From considerations arising from our Technology and some test results of our copper, we are sure that we have already produced a product close to Some pure copper 3. In any case, such results can be obtained.
P.S. RRR can be increased up to 1000 by annealing and "oxygenation" of copper with a purity of 99.99%, when the formation of oxides leads to a decrease in resistance. But this is not for very pure copper (impurities remain, increased oxygen content) with the ensuing consequences for other characteristics and properties: "hydrogen disease", reduction of plasticity, etc. For very pure copper 99.99999% (?) with RRR 2000 dissolving of oxygen 25 ppm leads to a decrease RRR to 50. Therefore, with copper 5N and higher under not standards must be handled, depending on the tasks: if RRR is needed, RRR may be worse than C10200 or worse, ect.
In some tasks, very high characteristics for RRR and Thermal Conductivity may be in conflict, in some cases vice versa. Super purety and perfect structure are not also a simultaneous requirement for some other tasks, but in some tasks are necessary. We proceed from the fact that for those tasks where maximum purity and structure are needed, with consequent characteristics and properties, when it is needed as such, then it is better that copper already exists, and we have produced it. Especially since it is not easy and it could be a limitation in the planning of tasks with use of such quality. In general, it is also useful for many existing tasks, but each must be looked at by evaluating the necessary parameters and benefits, and not just the mentioned characteristics.
In some tasks, very high characteristics for RRR and Thermal Conductivity may be in conflict, in some cases vice versa. Super purety and perfect structure are not also a simultaneous requirement for some other tasks, but in some tasks are necessary. We proceed from the fact that for those tasks where maximum purity and structure are needed, with consequent characteristics and properties, when it is needed as such, then it is better that copper already exists, and we have produced it. Especially since it is not easy and it could be a limitation in the planning of tasks with use of such quality. In general, it is also useful for many existing tasks, but each must be looked at by evaluating the necessary parameters and benefits, and not just the mentioned characteristics.
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